6G    

 

 

 

6G Workshop - Mar 2025

This is the overall summary from the 1st 3GPP workshop about 6G. The workshop was held in Incheon, South Korea (March 10 - 11), will be chaired by the leadership of the three Technical Specification Groups (TSGs) of 3GPP:

Over 200 presentations are delivered at the workshop and all of the presentation files are available at here (3GPP workshop on 6G). After skimming through all of the presentation files, I just picked up some keywords that stick to my memory as the first attractor are as follows :

In this note, I will try to summarize and highlight on key features at various levels of 6G (e.g, at the level of system, core, RAN, spectrum etc) that are proposed by the presentation as listed below.

Why we need 6G ?

I think everybody would have this question. 5G promised a lot, but it hasn’t fully delivered. It’s good for streaming and gaming, and it works well for many people. But it’s not perfect everywhere, and some of the exciting ideas, like self-driving cars or instant video calls in 3D, haven’t happened yet. So, if 5G isn’t all we hoped, why do we need 6G? Let me explain in a simple way why 6G makes sense.

The world is changing fast. 5G is helpful, but it’s not enough for what’s coming next. We need more than just faster internet on our phones. 6G is about building a network that does much more. It won’t just connect devices—it will also sense the world around us, work with smart computers (AI), and handle big new ideas.

6G also brings other benefits. It can help businesses make money with new ideas, like machines that run themselves or smart systems that use data in cool ways. It will save energy too—less power used, less waste. The network will be smarter, fixing itself and working better with the help of AI. And it will be strong and robust. In other words, it should be ready for big problems like storms or cyberattacks, so it keeps working no matter what.

Here are the further details justifying 6G. Whether these arguments will truly be compelling or merely the same old stories that we had in the early days of 4G and 5G remains to be seen. However, let's stay hopeful—at least to some extent.

Support for New Services and Use Cases

  • Beyond Traditional Communication: 6G aims to integrate communication with sensing, computing, and AI-driven services. This includes Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC), Extended Reality (XR)/immersive communication, and AI-based network operations.
  • AI-Driven Services: 6G will enable AI-native networks, where AI is used for resource allocation, network management, and automation.
  • Ubiquitous Connectivity: 6G will seamlessly integrate terrestrial network(TN) and non-terrestrial networks (NTN) to provide global coverage, including remote and underserved areas.

Network Simplification and Cost Efficiency

  • Reducing CAPEX and OPEX: 6G will minimize architectural complexity through simplified network operations, cloud-native design, and automation.
  • Software-Driven Deployment: The focus on software-defined networks (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) will improve scalability and cost-effectiveness.

Seamless Migration and Interoperability

  • Standalone Architecture: Unlike 5G NSA, 6G will focus on SA mode to simplify deployments and enhance network efficiency.
  • Interworking with 5G: 6G will ensure smooth integration with 5G networks while minimizing dependency on legacy systems (4G, 3G, 2G).

Spectrum Efficiency and Performance Gains

  • Efficient Spectrum Utilization: 6G will optimize spectrum sharing and aggregation, ensuring better use of available spectrum.
  • New Spectrum Bands: 6G will explore upper mid-band  to provide ultra-high-speed communication.
  • Advanced MIMO: Evolution in massive MIMO with increased antenna elements will enhance coverage, capacity, and spectral efficiency.

AI and Automation for Network Optimization

  • AI-Native Networks: Unlike 5G, where AI is just an add-on option, 6G will be designed with AI from the start, making network management more autonomous, self-optimizing, and resilient.
  • Efficient Resource Management: AI will enable predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, and proactive resource allocation, reducing operational costs.

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

  • Lower Power Consumption: 6G will focus on energy-efficient network design to reduce carbon footprints, aligning with Net-Zero targets.
  • AI-Driven Power Management: AI will optimize network energy consumption by dynamically adjusting resources based on demand.
  • Green Communications: Advanced techniques like energy-efficient media delivery, AI-based power savings, and sustainable AI KPIs will be integrated into 6G.

Enhanced Service Reliability and Customer Experience

  • Improved QoE: 6G will ensure ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), zero service interruptions, and high data throughput, enhancing the customer experience.
  • Resilience: Networks will be designed to withstand high traffic loads, disasters, and cyber threats, ensuring continuous service availability.

Security and Trust

  • Post-Quantum Security: 6G will integrate quantum-resistant encryption (PQC) and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) to safeguard against future quantum attacks.
  • Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA): Security will be built from the ground up, ensuring end-to-end protection, privacy, and data integrity.

Integration of Sensing and Communication

  • ISAC-Enabled: 6G will support sensing-based applications, such as radar-like capabilities in networks, environmental sensing, and advanced positioning.
  • Cross-Domain Data Utilization: It will integrate RF sensing, cameras, and IoT devices, enabling a new era of smart environments.

Economic Growth and Monetization

  • New Revenue Streams: 6G will create new business models by monetizing network capabilities, allowing industries to deploy advanced applications such as industrial automation, autonomous systems, and AI-driven analytics.
  • API Economy: The network will expose capabilities through APIs to enable innovation and foster collaboration across industries.

Lessons Learned from 5G: What Worked and What Didn’t

As we move towards 6G, it is crucial to reflect on the key takeaways from 5G—what challenges it faced, what improvements it brought, and where it fell short. These lessons will shape the next generation of wireless technology, ensuring that 6G avoids past mistakes and builds on the successes of 5G.

Challenges in Migration: The Complexity of Moving from 5G NSA to SA

One of the biggest challenges in 5G was transitioning from Non-Standalone (NSA) mode to Standalone (SA) mode. This migration proved to be more complex than expected, leading to delays in full 5G deployment. The experience highlights the need for 6G to start with a clean standalone design, avoiding the complications of a mixed legacy system.

  • Transitioning from NSA to SA in 5G was complex and caused deployment delays.
  • 6G should start with a standalone architecture to avoid dependency on older systems.

Architectural Complexity: Too Many Options Created Confusion

5G introduced a highly flexible architecture, allowing various deployment models, configurations, and features. However, this flexibility led to excessive complexity. Too many architectural options made UE  development more difficult, increased network overhead, and slowed down deployment efficiency.

For 6G, the focus should be on simplifying architecture, avoiding redundant features, and ensuring that different network components integrate seamlessly.

  • 5G's flexible architecture led to excessive complexity and slowed deployment.
  • 6G should simplify its architecture by reducing redundant features.

Slow Adoption of Key 5G Capabilities

Certain highly anticipated 5G features—like network slicing, URLLC —saw slow adoption. Despite its potential, operators and businesses struggled to implement it at scale due to technical and economic barriers.

6G must ensure that new capabilities are practical and easy to deploy, rather than being stuck in the "promising but underutilized" category.

  • Network slicing and other 5G innovations saw slow real-world adoption.
  • 6G must focus on practical, easily deployable features.

Deployment Inefficiencies: Technical Bottlenecks in 5G Rollout

5G faced several technical inefficiencies in deployment, such as:

  • NRF Profile Issues: Problems with the Network Repository Function (NRF) led to inefficiencies in managing network functions.
  • Protocol Inefficiencies: The use of HTTP/2 over TCP in 5G networks created latency and performance issues, requiring reconsideration of future protocol designs.

6G must refine network functions, optimize signaling protocols, and ensure that all components work smoothly together from the beginning.

  • 5G faced issues with NRF profile management and inefficient protocols.
  • 6G must refine network functions and optimize protocols from the start.

Optimizing Network Functions: Balancing Performance and Efficiency

5G introduced a Service-Based Architecture (SBA) for its core network, which allowed modular network functions. While this improved scalability, it also added complexity.

For 6G, the focus should be on efficiently sizing network functions, clearly separating different responsibilities, and exploring lightweight, stateless architectures to improve performance.

  • 5G’s Service-Based Architecture improved scalability but added complexity.
  • 6G should focus on lightweight, efficient, and modular network functions.

Functionality Optimization: Reducing Unnecessary Features

One major lesson from 5G is that not every feature is needed. Many 5G capabilities came with multiple overlapping configurations, making deployments harder and increasing system overhead.

6G should focus on defining a lean, well-dimensioned set of functionalities, avoiding excessive configurations and ensuring that each feature provides real-world value.

  • 5G had too many overlapping features, making deployments harder.
  • 6G should focus on a lean, well-defined feature set.

Key Takeaway: 6G Must Be Simpler, Smarter, and More Efficient

The transition from 4G to 5G taught us valuable lessons about complexity, deployment challenges, and slow adoption of new features. 6G must prioritize simplicity, efficiency, and real-world applicability to ensure a smoother rollout and better user experience.

By learning from 5G’s challenges, 6G can build a network that is:

  • Easier to deploy
  • More energy-efficient
  • AI-driven and self-optimizing
  • Designed with security and interoperability in mind

If 5G was about introducing new possibilities, 6G must be about making them practical, efficient, and widely accessible from day one.

  • 6G must prioritize ease of deployment, energy efficiency, and AI integration.
  • Unlike 5G, 6G should ensure features are practical and ready for real-world use.

Migrating from 5G to 6G: Evolution, Not Revolution

The transition from 5G to 6G should be a gradual evolution rather than a disruptive overhaul. Unlike previous generational shifts, where new systems often replaced older ones, 6G should build on the strengths of 5G while addressing its weaknesses. A well-planned migration will minimize costs, complexity, and deployment challenges, ensuring a smoother adoption for both network operators and end users.

Avoiding the Mistakes of 5G’s Migration

One of the biggest lessons from 5G was the complexity of transitioning from 4G LTE-based Non-Standalone (NSA) to a full 5G Standalone (SA) deployment. This transition took longer than expected due to dependencies on legacy infrastructure, device compatibility issues, and slow industry adoption of key 5G features like network slicing.

  • 5G migration from NSA to SA was slow and complex.
  • 6G should start with a standalone architecture from the beginning.
  • New features should be practical and easy to deploy.

For 6G, the industry must:

  • Start with Standalone (SA) mode from the beginning, eliminating reliance on older networks.
  • Ensure that new features are practical and deployable, rather than just theoretical improvements.
  • Make the transition seamless for operators by allowing interoperability with 5G while phasing out unnecessary complexity.

Gradual Adoption with 5G-6G Coexistence

A hard cutover from 5G to 6G is neither practical nor efficient. Instead, a hybrid model where both generations coexist for a period will allow networks to gradually adopt 6G capabilities while maintaining 5G services.

  • 6G and 5G should coexist rather than replacing 5G overnight.
  • 6G must support spectrum sharing, dual connectivity, and carrier aggregation.

Key migration strategies:

  • Multi-Radio Spectrum Sharing (MRSS): 6G should support spectrum sharing with 5G to maximize efficiency.
  • 6G-6G Carrier Aggregation (CA): Enables higher performance while maintaining backward compatibility.
  • 5G-6G Dual Connectivity (DC): Allows devices to operate on both 5G and 6G networks simultaneously.
  • 5G-6G Dual Stack: Introducing a parallel 6G core while still supporting 5G will allow gradual migration.

Enhancing Existing 5G Infrastructure Instead of Replacing It

5G investments have been substantial, and network operators will not be willing to abandon existing infrastructure overnight. Instead of a total replacement, 6G should be designed to enhance and integrate with 5G networks.

  • 6G should enhance, not replace, 5G infrastructure.
  • Core networks must evolve with AI-driven management and cloud-native designs.

Key areas of enhancement:

  • Core Network Evolution: 6G Core should build on 5G SBA (Service-Based Architecture) while improving efficiency.
  • AI-Driven Network Optimization: AI should automate resource management and anomaly detection.
  • Software-Defined Upgrades: Network features should be introduced via software updates rather than costly hardware replacements.

Reducing Complexity and Cost in Migration

6G must simplify network operations and reduce costs associated with upgrades. The biggest barrier to 5G adoption was its high CAPEX and OPEX, mainly due to architectural complexity and power-hungry infrastructure.

  • 6G should lower CAPEX and OPEX by simplifying network functions.
  • Cloud-native designs and AI automation can reduce operational costs.

Migration strategies to optimize cost:

  • Unified Network Exposure Framework: Simplifies network function exposure through APIs to create economies of scale.
  • Energy-Efficient Deployment: 6G should use sustainable, power-efficient network components.
  • Cloud-Native Design: Virtualized network functions (NFV, SDN, AI orchestration) will enable seamless upgrades.

Ensuring Seamless Interworking

Unlike previous generations, where backward compatibility was often limited, 6G must interwork seamlessly with 5G to ensure a smooth transition.

  • 6G must interwork smoothly with 5G to avoid disruption.
  • Legacy networks (4G, 3G, 2G) should be phased out gradually.

Interworking considerations:

  • Single Registration vs Dual Registration: 6G should allow single registration mechanisms for easier mobility.
  • Limited Interworking with Legacy Networks: While 5G-6G interoperability is crucial, older 4G, 3G, and 2G systems should be phased out.
  • Network Function Interoperability: A modular approach ensures gradual adoption without disrupting services.

Leveraging Spectrum Evolution for a Smooth Migration

6G must efficiently reuse and expand upon existing spectrum rather than shifting entirely to new frequency bands.

  • 6G should reuse 5G spectrum while introducing new bands gradually.
  • Advanced MIMO and beamforming will enhance efficiency.

Key spectrum migration strategies:

  • Support for Existing 5G Spectrum (FR1 & FR2): Optimize performance on current bands.
  • Expansion to New Spectrum (Upper Mid-Band): Gradually introduce higher-frequency spectrum for faster speeds.
  • Advanced MIMO & Beamforming: Evolving massive MIMO with more antenna elements will improve network capacity.

In short: A Smarter, Gradual Approach to 6G Migration

The shift from 5G to 6G should be an evolution, not a revolution. Instead of replacing 5G, 6G must enhance and optimize existing capabilities while gradually introducing new features.

  • 6G should evolve from 5G rather than replace it abruptly.
  • Interoperability, AI-driven automation, and cost-effective deployment are key.

A well-structured hybrid migration will allow operators to leverage existing investments while ensuring cost-effective, energy-efficient, and seamless upgrades. The focus should be on interoperability, automation, and software-driven deployment, ensuring that 6G delivers real-world benefits without unnecessary complexity.

System-Level Architecture of 6G: A Smarter, More Efficient Network

As we move towards 6G, the network architecture will evolve beyond what 5G offers, focusing on efficiency, flexibility, AI-driven automation, and seamless integration of multiple technologies. Unlike previous generations, 6G is not just about higher data rates—it aims to provide a fully intelligent, adaptive, and service-aware network.

A Fully Cloud-Native and AI-Driven Core Network

The 6G Core Network will be designed from the ground up to be cloud-native, meaning all its functions will run in virtualized, distributed, and flexible environments.

  • 6G Core will be cloud-native, enabling flexibility and scalability.
  • AI-driven automation will optimize network management and predictive maintenance.
  • Edge computing integration will reduce latency for real-time applications.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Operators can deploy and update network functions more efficiently.
    • AI can predict and optimize network traffic dynamically.
    • Users will experience more responsive and efficient services.

Seamless Integration of Multiple Access Technologies

  • 6G will integrate terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (TN & NTN) seamlessly.
  • Wi-Fi, fiber, and cellular networks will work together without disruptions.
  • New spectrum bands (upper mid-band) will provide ultra-high-speed communication.

    • Why does this matter?

    • 6G will enable global connectivity, even in remote areas.
    • Seamless handovers between different networks will reduce service interruptions.
    • New spectrum bands will enable high-speed, low-latency applications such as holographic communication.

AI-Native Radio Access Network (RAN) for Real-Time Optimization

  • AI-powered RAN will optimize performance dynamically.
  • 6G RAN will adapt to different service requirements in real time.
  • AI-driven signal processing will enhance spectrum efficiency.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Improved spectrum efficiency and lower latency for real-time applications.
    • Energy savings through AI-driven optimizations.
    • Consistent, high-quality user experience across devices and locations.

Unified Data Management and AI-Driven Orchestration

  • 6G will unify data collection, storage, and processing across the network.
  • AI-driven analytics will optimize network operations in real time.
  • Security and privacy measures will be built into the architecture from day one.

    • Why does this matter?

    • A single intelligent framework for managing network, user, and service data.
    • Predictive insights will help operators prevent failures before they occur.
    • Enhanced privacy and security with post-quantum encryption.

Security and Trust: Zero Trust & Post-Quantum Security

  • 6G will integrate Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) to enhance network security.
  • Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) will protect against future cyber threats.
  • AI-driven security measures will prevent real-time anomalies and attacks.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Stronger end-to-end security in an increasingly connected world.
    • Future-proof encryption against quantum computing threats.
    • AI-enhanced threat detection to prevent cyberattacks before they happen.

Network and Computing Convergence: 6G as a Compute-Centric System

  • 6G will allow real-time AI processing and offloading to the network.
  • Cloud computing will handle high-intensity workloads like XR and digital twins.
  • Device-edge coordination will improve efficiency and reduce power consumption.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Devices will be lighter and more efficient by offloading computation to the network.
    • AI-driven applications will run seamlessly with real-time cloud inference.
    • Lower latency and higher performance for immersive services.

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability: A Greener 6G Network

  • 6G will focus on AI-driven energy efficiency for network and device power management.
  • Carbon awareness and real-time energy tracking will optimize sustainability.
  • Adaptive media delivery will reduce energy consumption for content streaming.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Lower energy consumption for operators and users.
    • AI-powered optimizations will ensure energy is only used when necessary.
    • 6G will actively track and reduce its carbon footprint.

In short: A Smarter, More Adaptive, and Sustainable 6G Network

The 6G system architecture will be fully AI-native, cloud-driven, and compute-integrated, providing an intelligent and service-aware network. By seamlessly integrating multiple access technologies, AI-driven orchestration, enhanced security, and energy efficiency, 6G will be a true evolution of mobile networks, not just an upgrade in speed.

  • 6G will be AI-driven, cloud-native, and compute-integrated.
  • It will seamlessly integrate multiple access technologies for a unified experience.
  • Security, energy efficiency, and sustainability will be at its core.

Key principles of 6G architecture:

  • AI-driven automation for self-optimizing networks.
  • Seamless terrestrial and non-terrestrial network integration.
  • Energy-efficient and sustainability-focused design.
  • Security-first approach with Zero Trust and quantum-safe encryption.
  • Network and computing convergence for AI-driven applications.

With these advancements, 6G will redefine connectivity—not just for mobile users, but for a fully interconnected, intelligent digital world.

Highlights on 6G Core Network

The 6G Core Network will be the central foundation that powers the entire 6G system, enabling intelligent, ultra-efficient, and seamless communication. Unlike previous generations, which primarily focused on improving speed and capacity, the 6G Core will integrate AI, automation, security, and computing into the very fabric of the network. This will make it more adaptable, scalable, and capable of supporting advanced applications like AI, XR, digital twins, and next-generation IoT.

Cloud-Native, Software-Driven Core

  • 6G Core will be fully cloud-native, allowing flexible and scalable deployment.
  • Service-Based Architecture (SBA) will enable modular and dynamic network functions.
  • Edge computing integration will reduce latency for real-time applications.

    • Why does this matter?

    • More efficient and cost-effective network operations.
    • Faster deployment of new network features and updates.
    • Lower latency and improved service quality.

AI-Native Core: Intelligent, Self-Optimizing Networks

  • AI will manage and optimize the network in real time.
  • Predictive analytics will prevent network failures before they happen.
  • Dynamic resource allocation will improve performance and efficiency.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Better reliability and fewer service disruptions.
    • Lower operational costs through automated management.
    • Faster and more adaptive network responses.

Security & Privacy: Built for a Post-Quantum World

  • Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) will ensure continuous authentication and security.
  • Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) will protect against future quantum threats.
  • AI-driven security measures will detect and prevent cyberattacks.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Enhanced protection against evolving cyber threats.
    • Prevention of unauthorized access and data breaches.
    • Stronger privacy and encryption for critical applications.

Convergence of Communication and Computing

  • 6G Core will integrate computing with communication networks.
  • AI processing and XR rendering will be handled at the network level.
  • Devices will offload computational tasks to the network.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Lower energy consumption for mobile devices.
    • Faster AI-driven applications and real-time processing.
    • Reduced congestion and improved network efficiency.

Energy Efficiency & Sustainability

  • AI-driven power management will optimize energy use.
  • Carbon-aware networking will track and minimize environmental impact.
  • Efficient data handling will reduce unnecessary resource consumption.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Lower operational costs for network providers.
    • Longer battery life for connected devices.
    • Environmentally sustainable networking solutions.

Simplified Network Architecture & Lower Costs

  • 6G will adopt a single Standalone (SA) architecture.
  • Fewer protocol layers will reduce network complexity.
  • API-based network exposure will support new business models.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Lower deployment and operational costs.
    • Faster service development and time-to-market.
    • Greater flexibility for businesses and enterprises using the network.

Seamless Interworking with 5G, But No Legacy Overhead

  • 6G will support smooth interworking with 5G.
  • Dual connectivity will allow devices to operate on both 5G and 6G.
  • 2G and 3G networks will not be supported to reduce complexity.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Ensures a smooth transition from 5G to 6G.
    • Reduces unnecessary network overhead and inefficiencies.
    • Improves overall network performance and user experience.

In short: A Smarter, More Secure, and Energy-Efficient 6G Core

  • AI-native architecture will enable self-optimizing networks.
  • Zero Trust and quantum-safe security will provide future-proof protection.
  • Compute-integrated core will handle AI workloads at the network level.
  • Greener, more sustainable architecture will optimize power efficiency.
  • Seamless interworking with 5G will ensure smooth migration.

The 6G Core Network will not only provide high-speed connectivity but also intelligent, secure, and sustainable network management. With AI-driven automation, energy efficiency, and a compute-integrated approach, 6G will redefine how networks operate in the digital era.

Highlights on 6G RAN Architecture

The Radio Access Network (RAN) in 6G will be a significant evolution from 5G, focusing on higher efficiency, AI-driven optimization, and seamless integration with various access technologies. Unlike previous generations, 6G RAN will not just handle communication but will also incorporate intelligence, sensing, and computing to create a truly adaptive and service-aware network.

AI-Native and Self-Optimizing RAN

  • AI will dynamically allocate bandwidth, power, and spectrum in real time.
  • The RAN will detect issues and automatically optimize itself.
  • Predictive load balancing will prevent congestion before it happens.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Better network performance with lower latency and higher efficiency.
    • Reduced operational costs by automating network maintenance.
    • Improved reliability and quality of experience (QoE) for users.

Integration of Multiple Access Technologies

  • 6G RAN will support terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (TN & NTN).
  • Seamless integration with Wi-Fi and Fixed Wireless Access (FWA).
  • Dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) and carrier aggregation for efficient spectrum use.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Improved connectivity everywhere, including rural and remote areas.
    • Uninterrupted service across different networks.
    • More efficient use of spectrum and infrastructure, reducing costs.

Ultra-Low Latency and Service-Aware RAN

  • End-to-end latency will be less than 1 millisecond.
  • Service-aware networking will dynamically adapt to different applications.
  • Time-sensitive networking (TSN) will provide guaranteed latency and reliability.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Faster, real-time applications with no noticeable delays.
    • Reliable connectivity for autonomous and AI-driven systems.
    • Seamless experience across different devices and applications.

Energy-Efficient and Sustainable RAN

  • AI-powered energy management will dynamically optimize power usage.
  • Low-power hardware and green base stations will improve sustainability.
  • Energy-aware network slicing will minimize energy consumption.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Lower operational costs for network providers.
    • Longer battery life for connected devices.
    • Reduced carbon footprint, contributing to global sustainability goals.

RAN Intelligent Controllers (RIC) for Programmability

  • 6G will adopt Open RAN principles for multi-vendor interoperability.
  • RAN Intelligent Controllers (RIC) will enable dynamic network tuning.
  • Cloud-RAN (C-RAN) and Virtualized RAN (vRAN) will improve efficiency.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Operators can dynamically optimize networks in real time.
    • Lower deployment costs through software-driven configurations.
    • More flexible and customizable network settings for different use cases.

Seamless Migration from 5G to 6G RAN

  • 6G-6G Carrier Aggregation (CA) will ensure higher data rates and compatibility with 5G.
  • 5G-6G Dual Connectivity (DC) will allow devices to operate on both networks simultaneously.
  • Deep integration with cloud and edge computing for low-latency applications.

    • Why does this matter?

    • No service disruption when moving from 5G to 6G.
    • Easier adoption of 6G without major infrastructure changes.
    • Compatibility with existing network investments, reducing costs for operators.

In short: A Smarter, More Efficient, and AI-Driven RAN

  • AI-driven, self-optimizing network management.
  • Seamless integration with terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks.
  • Ultra-low latency and service-aware optimizations.
  • Energy-efficient and sustainable RAN operations.
  • Programmable, Open RAN architecture with cloud and edge integration.
  • Smooth migration from 5G with dual connectivity and carrier aggregation.

The 6G RAN will redefine wireless networks by incorporating AI, sensing, and computing at its core. It will support seamless multi-access connectivity, ultra-fast speeds, and energy-efficient operations while ensuring real-time optimization and self-healing capabilities. With these advancements, 6G RAN will not just improve communication—it will become an intelligent, adaptive, and service-aware network for the future.

Highligts on 6G Spectrum

The development of 6G spectrum has followed a path of big goals that were slowly adjusted to match practical limits, similar to what happened with 5G's FR2 band. At first, there was a strong plan to use sub-terahertz (sub-THz) frequencies because we thought those frequency range can offer very fast data speeds and large capacity because of their wide available bandwidth. However, as the difficulties of using such high frequencies became clear—problems like short range, trouble passing through objects, and the need for complex equipment—the industry's goals began to change to more realistic options. This caused a shift in focus to the W and D bands, which cover about 70 GHz to 170 GHz. These frequencies still provide good potential for fast communication while having fewer technical challenges than sub-THz. Even so, this change was still seen as difficult, and over time, most talks have centered on the FR3 range, from 7 GHz to 24 GHz. This range offers a mix of good performance and practicality, using lessons from 5G's FR2, where similar high-frequency plans faced real issues like weaker signals and high setup costs. The move from sub-THz hopes to the more practical FR3 reality shows an industry learning to match advanced ideas with the limits of current technology and equipment. Even within the range of FR3(7 GHz to 24 GHz), it seems that low to mid range (7-15 Ghz) gets the strongest attention and the number of Antenna elements will be adjusted with the frequency range.

Image Source : 6GWS-250068 : Qualcomm's 6G Radio Technology vision and priorities

New Keywords in 6G

As 6G evolves, it introduces new concepts and technologies that redefine wireless communication. I see some of the terms that are showing up repeatedly in many of workshop presentation file. These new keywords focus on intelligence, efficiency, security, sustainability, and expanded spectrum use—shaping the next generation of mobile networks. I would suggest you to try to get familiar with these new keywords since they will show up over and over in various fututure discussion on 6G. Not all of these new keywords or concepts will be adopted in the finalized 6G specification, but these will long be mentioned/discussed in various technical documents on 6G.

AI-Native Networks

  • AI-Driven Optimization: AI will dynamically manage resources, predicting and preventing congestion before it happens.
  • Self-Healing Networks: AI will detect and fix issues in real time, ensuring better reliability.
  • Intent-Based Networking: The network will automatically adapt to user needs, optimizing itself for different services.

    • Why does this matter?

    • More efficient networks with minimal human intervention.
    • Improved reliability and better quality of service (QoS).
    • Lower operational costs for network operators.

Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)

  • Network-Based Sensing: 6G will use radio waves to detect objects, movement, and environmental changes.
  • AI-Powered Signal Processing: The network will analyze sensing data in real time for applications like autonomous driving and smart cities.
  • Device-Based Sensing: Smartphones, wearables, and IoT devices will act as sensors, providing real-time environmental data.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Enables real-time applications like smart traffic control and AR/VR.
    • Improves network efficiency by reducing interference and optimizing signal paths.
    • Creates smarter environments that respond to user behavior.

Expansion of Spectrum: FR3 (Frequency Range 3)

  • Higher Capacity, Wider Coverage: FR3 offers better range than FR2 while maintaining high speeds.
  • Better Indoor Penetration: Unlike higher mmWave bands, FR3 will work better indoors, improving in-building connectivity.
  • More Efficient Spectrum Utilization: Dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) and carrier aggregation will maximize network performance.

    • Why does this matter?

    • FR3 provides a balance of speed, range, and efficiency, improving indoor and outdoor connectivity.
    • Expands spectrum availability, reducing congestion in crowded areas.
    • Enhances overall network capacity without requiring major infrastructure changes.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS)

  • Smart Reflecting Panels: Buildings, walls, and windows will be equipped with RIS technology to improve signal strength and reduce dead zones.
  • AI-Controlled Beamforming: AI will dynamically adjust signal direction to improve network efficiency.
  • Enhanced Indoor Coverage: RIS will boost signal penetration into buildings and underground areas.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Better signal coverage, even in complex urban environments.
    • More efficient spectrum utilization, reducing power consumption.
    • Stronger, more stable connections for users on the move.

Zero Trust Security and Post-Quantum Cryptography

  • Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA): Every network request must be continuously verified to prevent unauthorized access.
  • Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC): Encryption standards will be quantum-safe, making future quantum attacks ineffective.
  • AI-Driven Threat Detection: AI will monitor and block cyberattacks in real time before they cause damage.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Prevents hacking and unauthorized access to sensitive data.
    • Future-proofs networks against quantum computing threats.
    • Ensures privacy and data integrity for businesses and individuals.

AI-Driven Network Orchestration

  • Dynamic Resource Allocation: AI will intelligently allocate bandwidth and computing power based on demand.
  • Self-Optimizing Networks: AI will analyze network behavior and automatically adjust settings for optimal performance.
  • Service-Aware Networking: The network will prioritize critical services such as emergency calls, industrial automation, and real-time AI processing.

    • Why does this matter?

    • More stable and reliable network performance.
    • Higher energy efficiency by optimizing network usage.
    • Lower costs for operators through automated network management.

Energy-Efficient and Sustainable Networks

  • AI-Based Power Management: AI will optimize energy use, shutting down idle network components to save power.
  • Carbon-Aware Networking: Operators will be able to monitor and reduce their carbon footprint in real time.
  • Efficient Media Delivery: AI-driven video streaming and XR processing will use less energy without reducing quality.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Lower energy bills for network operators and end users.
    • Longer battery life for smartphones and IoT devices.
    • Reduced environmental impact, contributing to sustainability goals.

Sub-Band Full Duplex (SBFD) for Improved Efficiency

  • Higher Data Rates: SBFD will increase network capacity by reducing the need for separate uplink and downlink channels.
  • Lower Latency: Simultaneous transmission will reduce communication delays, improving real-time applications.
  • More Efficient Spectrum Use: SBFD will allow carriers to maximize existing frequency allocations.

    • Why does this matter?

    • Enables faster, more reliable communication.
    • Reduces spectrum congestion and improves overall network performance.
    • Enhances real-time applications such as AR/VR, gaming, and AI-driven services.

Reference

  • 3GPP workshop on 6G
  • 6GWS-250004 : 6G Radio and RAN - Nokia
  • 6GWS-250004 : 6G Radio and RAN - Nokia
  • 6GWS-250005 : 6G System and Services - Nokia
  • 6GWS-250007 : ZTE’s overall vision and priorities for 6G cross TSG aspects - ZTE
  • 6GWS-250008 : 6G Motivation and Day1 Functions RAN Aspects - ZTE
  • 6GWS-250009 : Ten tiny little things that can make 6G worth - BOUYGUES Telecom
  • 6GWS-250011 : Deutsche Telekom's view on RAN aspects for 6G - Deutsche Telekom AG
  • 6GWS-250014 : The principles and scope of 6G system architecture/core network studies - Orange
  • 6GWS-250017 : T-Mobile's Vision and Priorities for 6G Radio Technology - T-Mobile USA Inc.
  • 6GWS-250018 : T-Mobile's Vision and Priorities for 6G SA, CN, and Protocols - T-Mobile USA Inc.
  • 6GWS-250019 : AT&T views on 6G studies in SA and CT WGs - AT&T
  • 6GWS-250020 : KT's overall vision & priorities for 6G - KT Corp.
  • 6GWS-250021 : KT's vision & priorities for 6G RAN - KT Corp.
  • 6GWS-250024 : LG Uplus' interests on 6G RAN evolution - LG Uplus
  • 6GWS-250025 : Vision and Priorities for 6G - Indian Institute of Tech (H)
  • 6GWS-250028 : SK Telecom's View on 6G - SK Telecom
  • 6GWS-250029 : SK Telecom's View on 6G RAN - SK Telecom
  • 6GWS-250030 : SK Telecom's View on 6G Core - SK Telecom
  • 6GWS-250032 : OPPO's view on 6G RAN technology - OPPO
  • 6GWS-250033 : OPPO's view on 6G system architecture design - OPPO
  • 6GWS-250034 : Panasonic view on 6G RAN - Panasonic
  • 6GWS-250035 : Overall vision for 6G - Samsung
  • 6GWS-250036 : Vision and technologies for 6G radio - Samsung  *****
  • 6GWS-250037 : Vision and technologies for 6G system - Samsung ***
  • 6GWS-250040 : Thales' vision and priorities for 6G RAT to support NTN - THALES
  • 6GWS-250041 : Thales' Vision and priorities for 6G system for the support of satellite access - THALES
  • 6GWS-250042 : Intel views on 6G System Architecture, Core Network and Protocols - Intel
  • 6GWS-250043 : NSC Vision for 6G Radio Technologies - National Spectrum Consortium
  • 6GWS-250047 : ETRI’s View on System Architecture for the 6G System - ETRI
  • 6GWS-250049 : vivo view on 6G RAN technology - vivo
  • 6GWS-250050 : vivo view on 6G system architecture - vivo
  • 6GWS-250051 : Overall vision & priorities for 6G - NTT DOCOMO, INC.
  • 6GWS-250052 : Vision & priorities for 6G radio technology - NTT DOCOMO, INC. ***
  • 6GWS-250053 : Vision & priorities for 6G core technology - NTT DOCOMO, INC.. ***
  • 6GWS-250055 : Views on 6G Massive IoT Standardization in RAN - Sony Europe B.V.
  • 6GWS-250058 : Futurewei view on 6G Radio and RAN - Futurewei
  • 6GWS-250061 : Lenovo views on 6G RAN Vision and Priorities - Lenovo
  • 6GWS-250064 : LGE's Vision on 6G - LG Electronics Inc.
  • 6GWS-250065 : LGE's views on 6G Radio Technologies - LG Electronics Inc.
  • 6GWS-250068 : Qualcomm's 6G Radio Technology vision and priorities - Qualcomm Germany *****
  • 6GWS-250069 : Qualcomm's 6G System Architecture, CN and Protocols vision and priorities - Qualcomm Germany ***
  • 6GWS-250070 : MediaTek Views on 6G Day-1 - MediaTek Inc.
  • 6GWS-250071 : MediaTek Views on 6G Day-1 Radio Aspects - MediaTek Inc. *****
  • 6GWS-250073 : User Plane Evolution - Juniper Networks
  • 6GWS-250076 : AT&T's Vision & Priorities for 6G - AT&T
  • 6GWS-250077 : Verizon's 6G Core Vision & Priorities - Verizon Spain
  • 6GWS-250078 : AT&T's Vision & Priorities for 6G RAN - AT&T
  • 6GWS-250079 : NEC views on 6G - NEC Corporation
  • 6GWS-250080 : Lenovo views on 6G System Vision and Priorities - Lenovo
  • 6GWS-250082 : AI-RAN for 6G - NVIDIA
  • 6GWS-250083 : Overall vision & priorities for 6G - Ericsson
  • 6GWS-250084 : Overall vision & priorities for RAN in 6G - Ericsson
  • 6GWS-250086 : General views on the design of 6G RAN standard - Fujitsu Limited
  • 6GWS-250087 : Views on 6G roles and beyond evolution - Kyocera
  • 6GWS-250096 : Xiaomi’s views on 6G RAN - Xiaomi
  • 6GWS-250097 : A Sensing-Mode Handoff Mechanism for High-Resolution and Accurate Sensing in 6G Networks - Vestel
  • 6GWS-250100 : Vision & Priorities for 6G Radio Technology - Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer HHI
  • 6GWS-250102 : Intel views on 6G RAN and Radio Interface - Intel
  • 6GWS-250103 : A BBC View on 6G - BBC
  • 6GWS-250104 : A BBC View on Multiple Access Techniques for 6G - BBC
  • 6GWS-250111 : Apple’s Vision and Priorities for 6G RAN - Apple Inc
  • 6GWS-250112 : Apple’s Vision and Priorities for 6G SA/CT - Apple Inc
  • 6GWS-250114 : Vision and Priorities for 6G IoT - Semtech Neuchatel SA
  • 6GWS-250115 : China Telecom's view on 6G - China Telecommunications Corp.
  • 6GWS-250116 : China Telecom's view on 6G RAN - China Telecommunications Corp.
  • 6GWS-250117 : China Telecom's view on 6G core standardization - China Telecommunications Corp.
  • 6GWS-250121 : Vision and Priorities for 6G RAN - ETRI, Ewha Womans University, Kookmin University, KAIST, Hanbat National University
  • 6GWS-250123 : NICT's view on 6G - RAN Perspective - NICT
  • 6GWS-250124 : NICT's view on 6G - SA Perspective - NICT
  • 6GWS-250128 : CATT initial views on 6G Core - CATT
  • 6GWS-250130 : Orange's view on RAN aspects for 6G - Orange
  • 6GWS-250134 : Xiaomi‘s’ views on 6G SA - Beijing Xiaomi Software Tech
  • 6GWS-250135 : ITRI's Vision & priorities for 6G system architecture, core networks and protocols - ITRI
  • 6GWS-250137 : 6G & Media: General views & priorities - 5G MAG
  • 6GWS-250141 : FAI's perspective on 6G - Fainity Innovation
  • 6GWS-250143 : Consideration on the Motivation and Values of 6G - CMCC
  • 6GWS-250144 : CMCC's views on 6G RAN study - CMCC
  • 6GWS-250146 : Vision & Priorities for next generation network access technology - FiberCop
  • 6GWS-250147 : Vision & priorities for next generation system architecture, core networks and protocols - FiberCop
  • 6GWS-250148 : Bosch's View on 6G RAN Study - ROBERT BOSCH GmbH
  • 6GWS-250153 : Vodafone view on next RAN generation - Vodafone
  • 6GWS-250158 : Overall vision for 6G - Huawei, HiSilicon
  • 6GWS-250159 : Views on 6G radio - Huawei, HiSilicon
  • 6GWS-250160 : Views on 6G Core - Huawei, HiSilicon
  • 6GWS-250162 : Overall vision and priorities for next generation - InterDigital, Inc.
  • 6GWS-250163 : Vision and priorities for next generation radio technology - InterDigital, Inc.
  • 6GWS-250166 : Rakuten Mobile view on 6G System Architecture - Rakuten Mobile, Inc
  • 6GWS-250167 : Rakuten Mobile’s Overall view on 6G - Rakuten Mobile, Inc
  • 6GWS-250169 : 6G NTN Vision and Sustainable Connectivity - ESA
  • 6GWS-250176 : 6G Architecture and Related 3GPP work Consideration - China Mobile
  • 6GWS-250177 : Overall Vision & Priorities for Next Generation - ITRI, III
  • 6GWS-250178 : ITRI's view on 6G RAN - ITRI
  • 6GWS-250179 : China Unicom views on 6G architecture - China Unicom
  • 6GWS-250180 : ITRI's Vision & priorities for 6G system architecture, core networks and protocols - ITRI
  • 6GWS-250181 : Views on 6G Satellite Access Standardization - TCL
  • 6GWS-250183 : Meta's Views on 6G RAN - Meta USA
  • 6GWS-250190 : Views on 6G RAN Requirements and Key Technologies - China Unicom
  • 6GWS-250191 : Keysight views on 6G testability - Keysight Technologies UK Ltd
  • 6GWS-250193 : Cisco's Vision & Priorities for 6G Core Network - Cisco Systems France
  • 6GWS-250196 : Toward AI-Native Network - III, ISSDU, CCU
  • 6GWS-250199 : TBC - SA - GSM Association
  • 6GWS-250203 : EURECOM View on 6G RAN - EURECOM
  • 6GWS-250207 : Interdigital views and priorities for 6G Core Network (SA/CT) - InterDigital, Inc.
  • 6GWS-250208 : TCL's overview on 6G RAN - TCL
  • 6GWS-250210 : DeepSig Views on 6G RAN and AI-Native Air Interface - DeepSig Inc
  • 6GWS-250213 : TELUS' 6G vision - TELUS
  • 6GWS-250214 : 5G-ACIA Considerations on 6G - 5G-ACIA
  • 6GWS-250215 : Lenovo views on 6G System Vision and Priorities - Lenovo
  • 6GWS-250229 : Airbus 6G Views and Priorities 3GPP 6G Workshop SA/CT Session - Airbus
  • 6GWS-250230 : Tejas Networks’ views on 6G Radio Network - Tejas Network Limited
  • 6GWS-250233 : Cohere's view - Enabling Waveform Innovation in 6G - Cohere Technologies
  • 6GWS-250235 : Philips view on 6G - Philips International B.V.
  • 6GWS-250236 : Rakuten Mobile Vision and Priorities for 6G - Rakuten Mobile, Inc
  • 6GWS-250237 : Telefónica’s key features for 6G - TELEFONICA S.A.
  • 6GWS-250238 : Summary of 3GPP 6G workshop - SA Chair (Intel), RAN Vice-Chair (AT&T), CT Chair (Huawei)
  • 6GWS-250240 : 3GPP 6G workplan and timelines - SA Chair (Intel), CT Chair (Huawei), RAN Vice-Chair (AT&T)
  • 6GWS-250243 : Chair’s summary of the 3GPP workshop on 6G - ETSI MCC