4G   [Top]

APN

• What is a APN in LTE?
• How APN works in LTE ?

Architecture

• What are the main components of the LTE network architecture (E-UTRAN, EPC) ?
• What is the purpose of the eNodeB in LTE? How does it communicate with user devices?
• What is the difference between the control plane and user plane in LTE ?

BL/CE

• What is LTE BL/CE ?
• What is CE Mode and CE Level ?

Basics

• What is 4G?
• How does 4G differ from its predecessor ?
• Can 4G networks support SMS?
• Can 4G networks support voice calls ?
• What is the difference between 4G LTE and 4G LTE Advanced?
• What does LTE stand for? Briefly explain its significance in the evolution of mobile networks.
• Can you describe the frequency bands typically used for LTE deployments worldwide?

Bearer

• What is difference between default EPS bearer and dedicated EPS bearer ? Why we need the two ?

Deployment

• What are some of the common challenges faced in LTE deployments, such as interference and capacity issues?
• What are some techniques used for optimizing LTE network performance?
• What is the concept of SON ?

LTE Advanced

• What are the key enhancements introduced in LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) ?

Measurement

• How does measurement works in LTE ?
• What is the difference between periodic and aperiodic measurement in LTE ?

PDN

• What is a PDN in LTE?
• How PDN is established ?

PHY Channel

• How UE can figure out how many OFDM symbols in a subframe are used for control region in LTE ?
• What is the role of PHICH in LTE ?

PHY Processing

• Can you explain the concept of OFDMA and SC-FDMA, and their roles in LTE ?

QoS

• How the QoS is configured in LTE signaling ?

Radio Frame

• What are the main components of a 4G LTE subframe for Downlink in FDD?
• In what ways can the 4G frame structure be adapted for various bandwidth requirements?
• How are control and data information distributed within a 4G frame?
• How does the 4G frame structure differ between FDD and TDD configurations?
• What is the basic structure of a 4G LTE frame?
• What are the durations of a 4G LTE frame, subframe and OFDM Symbol?
• How does the 4G LTE frame structure ensure efficient use of the spectrum?

Transmission Mode

• What is Transmission Mode (TM)
• How TM3 works ?
• How TM4 works ?

5G   [Top]

5G vs. WiFi

• How does 5G compare to WiFi?

Basics

• What are the main applications of 5G?
• What is 5G?
• How is 5G better than 4G?
• What are the challenges of deploying 5G?
• What is required to implement 5G?
• Can 5G networks support voice calls ?
• Can 5G networks support SMS ?
• What is the future of 5G?

Beam Management

• What is Beam Management and How it works ?
• What is P1, P2, P3 in 5G Beam Management ?
• What are the primary challenges associated with beam management in high-frequency bands such as mmWave?
• How do 5G networks handle beam switching during UE mobility to maintain connectivity?
• What techniques are used for beam recovery in 5G NR?
• What are the trade-offs between beamwidth and signal strength in beam management?
• What are the key differences in beam management between 5G FDD and TDD configurations?
• How is beam management tested and validated in real-world scenarios?
• How do beam management techniques adapt to user mobility in high-speed scenarios (e.g., high-speed trains)?
• How can beam management strategies handle scenarios with blockage or limited scattering in the propagation environment?
• How do beam management techniques address the increased complexity introduced by massive MIMO antenna arrays?
• How does the concept of beamforming extend to downlink and uplink transmissions in 5G NR (New Radio) technology?
• What future advancements are anticipated in beam management technologies as 5G networks evolve?

CSI

• How does the overall CSI frame works in 5G ?
• How does CSI work in 5G ?
• What is CSI in 5G ?

CoreSet

• What is CoreSet in 5G ?
• Is there any thing in LTE that is equivalent to Coreset ?

Deployment

• Where is 5G being deployed?
• What are all the possible deployment options ?
• What are the most common deployment options ?

MIMO

• What is Massive MIMO?
• Why Massive MIMO in 5G?
• What are challenges to Massive MIMO implementation ?
• How MIMO configuration is determined for each transmission in 5G ?
• How gNB notifies(directs) MIMO configuration to UE ?

NPN

• What is NPN(Non-Public Network) ?
• What would be the challeges for NPN ?
• How do you compare NPN with WiFi

Network Slicing

• What is Network Slicing ?
• What are some real life scenario for Network Slicing ?
• How do you compare Network Slicing with NPN(Non-Public Network) ?

PDU

• what is PDU session in 5G/NR ?
• How is the PDU session established ?
• What is DNN ?
• How do you compare DNN with APN ?
• What is LADN ?
• How is LADN related to DNN ?

PHY Channel

• what type of physical channels are there for 5G ?
• what type of physical layer signals are there for 5G ?
• what is the difference between Physical Channels and Physical Signals ?
• what is SSB in 5G ?
• What are the signals and channels contained in SSB ?
• What type of PUCCH are there in 5G ?

Positioning

• What is Positioning?

QoS

• How the QoS is configured in 5G/NR signaling ?

RACH

• What are the Possible Subcarrier Spacing of RACH Preamble ?
• What are the possible Preamble format and Sequence Length ?
• What is the type of RACH unique to 5G ?
• What are the two types of RACH procedure ?

Radio Frame

• What is the structure of a 5G radio frame?
• What is numerology ?
• What are the durations of a 5G radio frame , subframe and slot ?
• How do subframes in 5G differ from those in 4G LTE?

Security

• How secure is 5G?

Spectrum

• What spectrum does 5G use?

AI_ML   [Top]

Basics

• What is supervised, unsupervised and reinforced learning ? and how they differ ?
• What is AI/ML/DL ? and How they differ ?
• How does machine learning (ML) differ from traditional programming?
• What are the main types of machine learning algorithms?
• What are neural networks?
• What is deep learning?
• What are the major challenges in AI adoption ?

Learning Framework

• What are the types of unsupervised learning ?
• What are challenges for unsupervised learning ?
• What are challenges for reinforced learning ?
• What are challenges for supervised learning ?
• What is the basic flows of Deep Learning Implementation ?
• What is the basic flow in Neural Network training process from the initial input to final output ?
• What is Activation Function ?
• How Backpropagation works?

Models

• How Deep Learning model has been evolved ?
• Is reinforcement learning a fundamental model ? or just a kind of implementation ?

Cell Comm   [Top]

Basics

• What is Cellular Communication ?
• What is Cell?
• What are advantages of emplying the cellular technology ?
• Does every cell use different frequency ?
• What is a Sector?
• What are the standard bodies in Wireless Communication and how they are related ?

CSI

• What is CSI and how it works?
• How CQI, PMI, RI are related to CSI ?
• How PMI, RI is related to MIMO Operation ?

Cell Change

• What is Handover/HandOff ?
• What are various cell change mechanism ?

Channels

• How do you explain about the hierachy of channels across the radio stack (i.e, physical channels, transport channels, logical channels) ?
• How do you compare the channels of wireless communication with separate wires in wired communication ?
• what is a Channel ?
• Why we use channels ?

Diversity

• What is Diversity ?
• What are common precoding method in Diversity ?
• What is Difference between Tx Diversity and Rx Diversity ?

MIMO

• What is MIMO ?
• What is the meaning of 2x2, 4x2, 2x4 MIMO ?
• How would you describe about the physical layer processing of MIMO from the bit stream to physical antenna ?
• What is Precoding and Why it is needed ?
• In MIMO, does every physical antenna transmit the exactly same data at each transmission timing ?
• What are differences between MIMO and Diversity ?

Power Control

• what is the difference between Open Loop Power Control and Closed Loop Power Control ?
• What is Power Control ?

QoS

• What is QoS in cellular communication ?
• How does the QoS works ?

Radio Link

• What is radio link ?
• What is automatic/dynamic radio link control ?

Synchronization

• Why is Timing Synchronization important ?
• How is the timing synchronization gets done ?
• what is synchronization (PHY layer) process in cellular communication ?
• How is frequency synchronization(Frequency correction) gets done ?

System Components

• what is the typical components of cellular communication system ?

Communication Technology   [Top]

Basics

• What are the differences between Digital Communication and Analog Communication ?
• What are examples of Analog Communication ?
• What are examples of Digital Communication ?
• What are the differences between AM and FM ?
• Why usually FM radio use higher frequency than AM radio ?
• How does fiber optic communication work ?
• How do satellite communication systems operate ?
• How do undersea cables contribute to global internet connectivity ?
• What is the principle of operation of RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) technology ?
• What are the differences between Communication and Broadcasting ?
• What is Modulation and Why we need it ?
• What is the difference between Source Coding and Channel Coding ?
• What are examples of wireless communication ?
• What are examples of wired communication ?
• Is every wireless mobile communication ?

ChannelEstimation

• What is Channel Estimation and How it works ?
• What is the difference between channel model and channel estimation ?
• What is Equalization ?
• How Equalization is related to Channel Estimation ?
• What are common channel models ?
• What are common Channel Estimation Algorithms ?

DSP   [Top]

Basics

• What is Digital Signal Processing (DSP) ?
• How DSP differs from Analog Processing ?
• What are the basic components of a DSP system ?
• How does the Nyquist theorem relate to DSP ?
• What is the significance of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in DSP ?
• What role do DSPs play in audio and speech processing?
• How is DSP applied in image processing and computer vision?
• What is the role of DSP in modern control systems and robotics?
• How is DSP utilized in biomedical signal processing?
• What are the advantages of using DSP over traditional processing methods in telecommunications?
• How does DSP contribute to the development of wireless communication technologies?
• What future trends and developments are expected in the field of DSP?

Filter

• What are the basic types of filters used in DSP?
• What are the differences between FIR (Finite Impulse Response) and IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) filters?
• How does filter order affect the performance of a DSP filter?
• How do phase response and group delay affect DSP filter performance?
• How can you optimize filter performance in real-time DSP systems?
• How does quantization affect the stability and performance of DSP filters?
• What is the importance of filter coefficients in DSP?
• What is Adaptive Filters and the challenges of implementing adaptive filters in DSP?

Real Time

• What are the challenges of implementing real-time DSP applications?
• What is the practical definition of real time in the context of DSP ?
• How do you manage latency in DSP applications?
• How do interrupts impact real-time DSP performance?
• What is the significance of real-time processing in telecommunications?

Sampling

• How do sampling rate and bit depth affect DSP performance?

Embedded System   [Top]

Basics

• What is an embedded system?
• What are the key components of an embedded system?
• What are common application examples of Embedded System ?
• What is the role of the operating system in an embedded system?
• Is there any special role of Operating system for embedded system in comparison to non-embedded/general purpose system ?
• What are the primary challenges in designing embedded systems?
• What are the different types of embedded system architectures?
• How do embedded systems differ from general-purpose computers?
• What is the role of firmware in an embedded system?
• Does every embedded system require Firmware ?
• How do you ensure the reliability of an embedded system?
• What is the key difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller?
• How do you debug embedded systems?
• What is the role of emulators in embedded system development?
• What are the limitation of Emulator in Embedded System Development ?
• What is cross-compilation and Why we need it ?

Hardware Architecture

• What is Hardware Architecture of Embedded System ?
• How does the choice of microcontroller vs. microprocessor impact the design and performance of an embedded system?
• What are the considerations for selecting between volatile and non-volatile memory in embedded systems?
• How do cache architectures and memory hierarchies impact real-time performance in embedded systems?
• What is the design trade-offs between using a hardware coprocessor or a software library for a specific function in an embedded system ?
• What role do FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) play in the customization of embedded systems?
• What is DMA and How it works ?
• What DMA Controller works ?
• What is FPGA and How it is programmed ?
• What is CLB(Configuration Logic Block) ?
• What are the architectural considerations for real-time embedded systems, including interrupt handling and deterministic behavior?
• How do you ensure secure boot and secure firmware updates in embedded systems?
• How do you ensure deterministic and low-latency behavior in embedded systems with real-time constraints?

Programming

• What are the most important programming concepts in embedded system development ?
• What is interrupt ?
• What is Watchdog Timer ?

IMS   [Top]

Basics

• What is IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) and what are its primary functions?
• What are the key components of an IMS architecture?
• What kind of services can be supported by IMS ?
• What are the advantages of using IMS for service providers and end-users?
• what are the challenges for implementation and deployment of IMS ?
• what is the role of IMS, SIP, RTP, RCS in IMS framework ?
• How does IMS support voice over LTE (VoLTE) and what are its advantages over traditional voice services?

Emergency

• How does IMS support emergency services and priority communications?

Precondition

• What is Precondition in IMS ?
• How does the Precondition works in IMS signal flow ?

RCS

• What is RCS ?
• What are the differences between RCS and IMS ?
• Can RCS be deployed without IMS ?
• What are the services supported by RCS ?

SDP

• What is SDP ?

Security

• What are the security features and mechanisms implemented in IMS?
• What determines which security mechanism to use ?

IP Network   [Top]

Basics

• What is an IP address?
• How do IPv4 and IPv6 differ ?
• What is subnetting, and why is it used ?
• What is the difference between static and dynamic IP addressing ?
• How does DHCP work in IP networking ?
• What is DNS, and how does it function ?
• What is NAT and its purpose in networking ?
• What is default gateway and how it works ?
• How does a VPN work within an IP network ?
• What is Firewall and how it works ?
• What are IP address conflicts, and how can they be resolved ?
• How Is an IP addrness allocated on the internet ?
• What is OSI 7 Layer ?
• How do you compare Wireless LAN with Wired LAN in terms of OSI 7 layer ?

Protocol

• What is Protocol ?
• What is Internet Protocol ?
• What is TCP ?
• What is UDP ?
• What is Difference between TCP and UDP ?
• What is FTP ?
• What is ICMP ?
• What is HTTP ?
• How would you relate IP,UDP,TCP,FTP,HTTP in the context of OSI 7 Layer ?

IoT   [Top]

Basics

• What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how does it work?
• What are the key components of an IoT system?
• How do IoT devices communicate with each other?
• What are some common applications of IoT technology?
• How is IoT transforming industries like agriculture, healthcare, and manufacturing?
• What are the energy considerations for IoT devices, and how can power efficiency be improved?
• What is the significance of IoT in home automation and consumer electronics?
• What are the best practices for ensuring interoperability among different IoT systems?
• What future trends are expected in IoT development and adoption?
• What standards and protocols are commonly used in IoT communications?
• What are the challenges of IoT adoption ?
• What are the types of cellular technology used for IoT ?
• What are Pros and Cons of Cellular and Non Cellular IoT ?

LinearAlgebra   [Top]

Basics

• What is Linear Algebra?
• What are Applications of Linear Algebra ?
• What are Application of Linear Algebra in Engineering ?
• What are Application of Linear Algebra in Communication Technology ?

Matrix

• What is a Matrix?
• What is a Unitary Matrix?
• What is a Determinant?
• What is a Rank?
• What is Matrix Decomposition and why we need it ?
• What is Eigenvalues and Eigen Vectors ?
• What does it mean when they say 'this is an eigenvalue problem' ?

Vector

• What is a Vector?
• What is Vector Space?
• What are Operators for Vectors ?
• What is Inner product and outer product ? how they differ ?
• What is orthogonaility and When/Why it matters ?

OpenRAN   [Top]

Basics

• What is OpenRAN ?
• How does OpenRAN differ from traditional RAN ?
• What are the main components of an OpenRAN architecture ?
• What is the role of the RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) in OpenRAN ?
• How does OpenRAN promote innovation in the telecom industry ?
• What are the challenges of OpenRAN implemention and deployment ?
• How Fronthaul technology has evolved ?
• What are the differences among C-RAN, V-RAN, O-RAN ?
• Is O-RAN same as OpenRAN ?

Components

• What are the types of RICs defined in OpenRAN ?
• What are the types of Interfaces defined in OpenRAN ?

Quantum Computing   [Top]

Basics

• What is quantum computing?
• How do quantum computers work?
• What is a qubit ?
• How does a quantum computer differ from a classical computer ?
• What is quantum superposition ?
• What is quantum entanglement ?
• What are the potential applications of quantum computing?
• What challenges are involved in developing quantum computers ?
• Why most of Quantum Computer has a chandelier like structure ?
• Why most of the Quantum Computer have spaghetti-like cables ?

Cooling

• Why Quantum Computer require such an extremely low temperature to operate ?
• How to achieve such a low temperature in quantum computer ?

RF   [Top]

Basics

• What are the fundamental principles of RF technology, and how does it enable wireless communication?
• How has the evolution of RF technology impacted the development of mobile networks, from 1G to 5G?
• What are the emerging trends and technologies in RF engineering that are expected to shape the future of wireless communication?

Component

• How do RF filters work, and why are they critical in radio frequency systems?
• What role do antennas play in RF communication, and how do different types of antennas influence signal transmission and reception?
• What are differences between duplexer and diplexer ?
• What are differences between Combiner and Splitter ?
• What are the differences between Combiner and Circulator ?
• What are the differences between Splitter and Coupler ?
• What are differences between PA and LNA ?

Spectrum

• What is mmWave (mili meter Wave) ?
• What are some common spectrums used in wireless communication ?
• What is sub Thz spectrum ?
• What challenges do engineers face when designing RF circuits for high-frequency applications?

SDR   [Top]

Basic

• What is SDR(Software Defined Radio) ?
• How does SDR differ from traditional hardware radios?
• What are the key components of an SDR system?
• What are the advantages of using SDR?
• What are the benefits of using SDR in wireless communications ?
• What are the challenges of SDR ?
• How does SDR handle different communication standards?
• What future technologies are likely to be influenced by SDR?
• What are the global trends in SDR adoption and development?

WiFi   [Top]

Basics

• What is WiFi?
• What constitues a WiFi/WLAN Network ?
• How WiFi has been evolved ?
• What are the differences between WiFi frequencies, such as 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz?
• What is WiFi 6, and how does it differ from previous versions?
• What is WiFi 7, and how does it differ from previous versions?
• How can the placement of a WiFi router affect its performance?
• How do devices prioritize between multiple available WiFi networks?
• What is the impact of other electronic devices and appliances on WiFi performance?

Protocol

• How does the MAC layer function to control access in a WiFi network?
• What mechanisms does CSMA/CA employ to reduce collisions in WiFi networks?
• How is data encapsulated within WiFi frames at the MAC layer?
• What are the various MAC frame types used in WiFi and their purposes?
• How does the MAC layer handle error detection and correction?
• What are the primary components of the Data Link layer in WiFi?
• What security protocols are integrated at the MAC layer of WiFi?
• What is the role of the MAC address in WiFi networking ?

Spectrum

• What is commonly used RF spectrum used for WiFi ?